Source:
The Failure of the Animal Model
My Topic:
we should not experiment on animals
What I hope to learn from this source:
I want to find either how effective is animal testing or reason why animal testing doesn't work.
Notes:
1. Drugs that may be effective in animals may not be safe or effective in humans (and vice versa), and there are many examples where reliance on animal models has proven to be misleading and detrimental to human health.
2. the best-known example is thalidomide, used in the 1950s as a sedative and prescribed to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. Thalidomide was safe when tested in animals, but when used by mothers-to-be, led to birth defects in over 10,000 children.
3. Animal testing showed that penicillin was ineffective at treating infected rabbits (and was actually toxic to guinea pigs), yet later it proved safe and effective for treating bacterial infections in most humans.
4. Even data collected from experiments on aspirin could not be accurately extrapolated from animal studies to humans, as it causes birth defects in mice and rats, but is harmless to the human embryo.
5. Even model systems with more phylogenetic similarity to humans, like primate models, fail to predict what happens in humans. One of the best examples of this occurred when monkeys treated with a therapeutic antibody (anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412) did not predict the potentially fatal immune response that was triggered in humans.
6. The Director of the National Institutes of Health, Dr. Francis Collins, recognized that “the use of animal models for therapeutic development and target validation is time consuming, costly, and may not accurately predict efficacy in humans.”
Final Thoughts:
2. the best-known example is thalidomide, used in the 1950s as a sedative and prescribed to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. Thalidomide was safe when tested in animals, but when used by mothers-to-be, led to birth defects in over 10,000 children.
3. Animal testing showed that penicillin was ineffective at treating infected rabbits (and was actually toxic to guinea pigs), yet later it proved safe and effective for treating bacterial infections in most humans.
4. Even data collected from experiments on aspirin could not be accurately extrapolated from animal studies to humans, as it causes birth defects in mice and rats, but is harmless to the human embryo.
5. Even model systems with more phylogenetic similarity to humans, like primate models, fail to predict what happens in humans. One of the best examples of this occurred when monkeys treated with a therapeutic antibody (anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412) did not predict the potentially fatal immune response that was triggered in humans.
6. The Director of the National Institutes of Health, Dr. Francis Collins, recognized that “the use of animal models for therapeutic development and target validation is time consuming, costly, and may not accurately predict efficacy in humans.”
Final Thoughts:
I can know that a lot of examples about failure of animal testing and animal testing is not effective. Also, I think that even though there are similarities between animals and humans, animals are never able to predict human condition perfectly.
댓글 없음:
댓글 쓰기